ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Latin America is high. Little is known about healthcare workers' (HCWs) knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of antimicrobial stewardship (AS), AMR, and antibiotic use (AU) in the region. METHODS: HCWs from 42 hospitals from 5 Latin American countries were invited to take an electronic, voluntary, anonymous survey regarding knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of AS, AMR, and AU between March-April 2023. FINDINGS: Overall, 996 HCWs completed the survey (52% physicians, 32% nurses, 11% pharmacists, 3% microbiologists, and 2% "other"). More than 90% of respondents indicated optimizing AU was a priority at their healthcare facility (HCF), 69% stated the importance of AS was communicated at their HCF, and 23% were unfamiliar with the term "antibiotic stewardship". Most (> 95%) respondents acknowledged that appropriate AU can reduce AMR; however, few thought AU (< 30%) or AMR (< 50%) were a problem in their HCF. Lack of access to antibiogram and to locally endorsed guidelines was reported by 51% and 34% of HCWs, respectively. Among prescribers, 53% did not consider non-physicians' opinions to make antibiotic-related decisions, 22% reported not receiving education on how to select antibiotics based on culture results and 60% stated patients and families influence their antibiotic decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Although HCWs perceived improving AU as a priority, they did not perceive AU or AMR as a problem in their HCF. AS opportunities include improved access to guidelines, access to AMR/AU data, teamwork, and education on AS for HCWs and patients and families.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Antimicrobial Stewardship , Attitude of Health Personnel , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Personnel , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Latin America , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Female , Health Personnel/psychology , Male , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adult , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Cryptococcal infection is commonly seen in immunocompromised patients, although immunocompetent patients may also be infected. The pathogen's portal of entry is the respiratory tract; however, the central nervous system is predominantly involved. Pulmonary involvement varies from interstitial and alveolar infiltrations to large masses, which are frequently first interpreted as lung neoplasm. The diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis, in these cases, is frequently challenging, which, in most cases, requires histopathological examination. The authors report the case of a young female patient who presented a 20-day history of chest pleuritic pain and fever at the onset of symptoms. HIV serology was negative and CD4 count was normal. The imaging work-up was characterized by a huge opacity in the left inferior pulmonary lobe with a wide pleural base. Computed tomography showed a heterogeneous mass involving the bronchial tree. Mediastinal involvement was poor, and there was a splenomegaly. The patient underwent an exploratory thoracotomy and inferior lobectomy. The histopathological examination revealed a cryptococcoma. As the serum antigenemia was positive, the patient was scheduled for long-term treatment with fluconazole. The authors call attention to including the cryptococcal infection in the differential diagnosis of lung mass, mainly when localized in the lung bases in immunocompetent patients.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: las bacteriemias nosocomiales (BN) están ampliamente estudiadas en servicios de cuidados críticos, principalmente la relacionada a catéteres venosos centrales (CVC). La importancia de las BN y su impacto clínico no ha sido estudiada en salas generales de internación, en donde es cada vez mayor el uso de CVC y existe un uso extendido de catéteres venosos periféricos (CVP). Objetivo: nos propusimos comparar la BN ocurridas en salas de cuidados generales y en éreas de cuidados críticos. Métodos: estudio prospectivo descriptivo de BN desde 01/12/2008 hasta 30/06/2012, en un hospital de adultos de tercer nivel con 400 camas. Resultados: se registraron 361 bacteriemias: 50,9% nosocomiales, 16,1% relacionadas al sistema de salud y 32,9% comunitarias. De 184 BN se presentaron 52 episodios (28,3%) en servicios de cuidados críticos y 132 (71,3% en Sala General, principalmente en Clínica Médica (82,5%). El foco más frecuente de las BN fue asociado a catéteres venosos (60%) y foco desconocido (28%). Los porcentajes de multirresistencia fueron similares en ambos ámbitos. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los Servicios de Cuidados Críticos comparado con la mortalidad por BN en Sala General (46,1% vs 46,9%; p=0,99). Conclusiones: el mayor porcentaje de BN se presentó en servicios de cuidados no críticos, su impacto es relevante si consideramos que la mortalidad intrahospitalaria resultó similar a la de servicios de cuidados críticos. Siendo la principal causa de BN en sala general, la relacionada al uso de catéter venoso central y periférico, urge la necesidad de diseñar protocolos para su colocación y manejo.
Introduction: Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections (NBI) are completely studied in critical care units, mainly those associated with central venous catheter (CVC). The significance and impact of NBI has not been analyzed in general wards, where there is an incresing use of CVC as well asan extended use of peripheral lines. Objective: we compared NBI in general wards with those occurred in critical care units. Methods: prospective, descriptive study performed from 01/12/2008 since 30/06/2012, in an adult third level 400-bed hospital. Results: we obtained 361 bloodstream infections: 50.9% nosocomial, 16.1% healthcare related and 32.9% community acquired. Out of 184 NBI episodes 52 (28.3%) were from critical care units and 132 (71,3%) from general wards, mainly internal medicine service (82.5%). The most frequent source of NBI was related to venous catheters (60%) and unknown focus (28%). Frequency of multirresistant microorganisms was similar in both areas. No statistically significant differences were found in the in-hospital mortality of NBI in critical care units and general wards (46.1% vs 46.9%; p=0.99). Conclusion: General wards presented the highest percentage of NBI. Its impact is relevant considering that the in-hospital mortality was similar tothat in critical care units. The main cause of NBI in general wards is that associated to the use of venous catheter, central and peripheral ones, therefore recommendations for catheterization and maintenance of venous catheters should be implemented.
